Hairstyles of the 18th century: hairdresser fashion in the Enlightenment

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1. The influence of hairstyles of the XVIII-XIX centuries on the hairdressing art of Russia

1.1 Hairdressing in the era of the Baroque style (XVII-gray. XVIII century)

1.2 Hairdressing in the era of the Rococo style (first half of the XVIII century)

1.3 Hairdressing in the era of classical style (XVIII-early. XIX centuries.)

1.4 Hairdressing in the era of Empire style (1800-1815 gg.) And Biedermeier (mid. XIX century.)

1.5 Hairdressing in the period of eclecticism (2nd half of the XIX century)

2. The development of hairdressing

The whole history of hairdressing began from the moment when a person wanted to decorate his appearance to stand out. The primitive man looked into the river, saw his reflection and thought that his coats, intercepted by leopard skin, would look much more interesting than just hanging around without anything. "Why not?" - the ancient man thought and began to put into practice his grandiose plan.

The result exceeded all expectations, the first hairstyle was distinguished by its elegance from the total mass of heads of tribesmen, and its practicality simply amazed the imagination. The first "catwalk" was a great success. Astonished tribesmen wanted the same bandages. This is how or about the birth of a new art form - hairdressing.

The formation of the hairstyle was influenced by the foundations of society, climatic conditions and many other factors. The concepts of beauty have changed over the centuries, and what seemed beautiful in one period later looked ugly and vice versa. But one thing has always remained the same - the desire of a person to stand out, to reveal his individuality.

The concepts of beauty have changed over the centuries, and what seemed to be

beautiful in one period, later looked ugly and vice versa. This was most noticeable in the costume and hairstyles, which are closely related to the appearance of people.

The ancient Greek women dyed their hair in a light brown color with a red tint and made of them lush beautiful hairstyles - Korimbos. So, during antiquity in ancient Greece, hairstyles from long curled hair were laid in cone-shaped bunches, the hair over any one was arranged in waves or small curls, leaving the distance between the eyebrows and the beginning of hair growth to the width of two fingers, since according to the aesthetic concepts of those times, it was believed that the female forehead should be low. In the ancient world, the empress was the trendsetter on hairstyles. The court ladies and noble Roman matrons imitated her. With the arrival of German slaves, the hair of light brown color becomes fashionable. During the late Middle Ages (XIV century), various hair dyes were widely used, except for red, because the red color was considered the curse of the devil.

In the middle of the XVI century, the hairstyle of the increased form was considered beautiful. To do this, hair whipped tupeem. False hair was added if necessary.

To create hairstyles used various devices: wire frame, tape, hoops.

In the future, natural hair ousted wig hanging on the shoulders and back thick strands. This wig existed for a long time.

In Russia, women and girls wore braids or loose hair. In the old days in Russia there was a rule: the girls wore a single braid, braided low on the back of the head and decorated with a ribbon. After marrying, the woman twisted the girl's braid into two on her wedding day and put them around her head with a crown.From that time on, she had to wear a scarf all her life so that men — both outsiders and family members — could not see her hair.

In the upper classes, hair curled in curls. Later, long braids braided on the crown and were decorated at the bottom with ribbons, silk, gold, pearl brush, triangular pendants and other decorations. The individual strands were tied with colored laces, and in the upper class girls gold or pearl threads. On the forehead wore ribbons, including jagged, wide, on a solid base, in which various decorations were sometimes hung - brushes, strands of pearls, rings. The crown was decorated on the forehead with a mesh with pendants and precious stones.

1. The influence of hairstyles XVIII-XIX century on hairdressingartOf Russia

1.1 Hairdressing in the era of the Baroque style (XVII-mid. XVIII centuries.)

From the middle of the 17th century, a new artistic style was born - Baroque, the founder of which was Spain. Baroque quickly spread throughout Europe. France, England and other countries mastered and developed hairstyles, the style of which corresponded to the clothes of those times: high-collared “jabot” fashionable at that time (according to the assumptions, Philip III's wife, who had a long neck, brought tall stand-up collars to fashion) . They were decorated with jewels and covered with a hat-beret. The second half of the XVII century is the time of Spain, which was liberated from the yoke of the Moors and became the most powerful state. The Spanish costume of that time is compared with a chest full of gold and jewels: it dazzles with its luxury. In complex hairstyles, gold and silver (literally) curls often glitter. The man's style of this time is a short haircut, the mustache and beard shape carefully cut with a wedge ("Spanish beard").

After 1638 comes the era of France. She becomes a trendsetter. The heyday of french fashion

Baroque style - the middle of the XVII century. This is the age of the wig, which is worth a fortune. In the women's fashion complex hairstyles reign on the frame of the wire, is included in the hairstyle "a la Fontazh" of ribbons and lace, between which stretched strands of hair. The name appeared on behalf of the favorite of King Maria Angelica de Fontazh. The legend tells that once on a hunt, her hair was disheveled, and she tied it with a ribbon. The king was delighted and asked de Fontazh to wear such a hairstyle always. At first it was soft and low, then they began to starch and stretch the fabric onto the wire frame. Hairstyles turned into a tall tower. Even the carriages were made with hinged covers - otherwise the lady would not be able to sit in the crew.

1.2 Hairdressingin the era of the style ROKOKO (first half of the XVIII century)

But everything flows, everything changes. Those who reach the top go down. For the French estate monarchy, the descent began, as is known, already during the life of Louis XIV and continued until the revolution. The "Sun King", who said: "The state is me," still cared about the greatness of France in its own way. And Louis XV, in no way abandoning the claims of absolutism, thought only of his pleasures. The vast majority of the aristocratic servants who surrounded him did not even think about anything else. His time was a time of insatiable pursuit of pleasure, a time of joyful living through life. But no matter how dirty the amusements of aristocratic loafers were, the tastes of the society at that time still differed in their undeniable grace, beautiful refinement, which made France a trendsetter. And these elegant, sophisticated tastes found expression in the aesthetic concepts of the time. Refinement of elegance and subtlety of sensual pleasure are spread everywhere. In 1740 the poet

The Baroque was replaced by the era of early Rococo. Unnatural-looking large hairstyles gave way to a small, elegant, with tubular curls. Appeared "powdered hair."The elegant and attractive Marquis de Pompadour, who appeared at the court all with new and new hairstyles, set the tone. Louis XV admired this short woman, who first introduced the fashion of high heels and high hairstyles of the Baroque epoch reduced in accordance with the style of the "little woman". Subsequently (under Marie Antoinette), hairdressing became so important that hairdressing academies were established to teach the art of creating unique hairstyles. After 1770, in the period of the late Rococo, the flowering of the park machery art began. At this time, naval battles with miniature sailboats are played out on ladies' heads, paradise gardens flourish. Decreased was at the beginning of Rococo hairstyle is growing by leaps and bounds. Hairdressers are worth their weight in gold. Powder, which was made from flour, is used in kilograms.

Rococo goes into oblivion solemnity of fountain and allonzh. Since the XVIII century is considered to be the "age of women", then you should start with a female haircut.

The history of female hair can be divided into several stages. Until 1713, the ladies still carry a fountain, the form of which itself provided a lot of room for fantasy.

After Louis XIV, the main legislator of European fashions, positively appreciated the small, modest haircut of the Duchess of Shrewsbury, the simple, slightly powdered kufur (hair-do) decorated with bouquets or a lace tattoo came into fashion. This seeming simplicity has become the main trend of the Rococo century. Women from the paintings of Watteau, Boucher, Patera, de Troy, Chardin are all modestly and elegantly combed - be it the luxurious Marquise de Pompadour, the virtuous Maria Theresa, or the young Fiquet from Zerbst. The names of these hairstyles are also preserved - “butterfly”, “sentimental”, “secret”, “sissy”. However, since the mid-1970s, a different trend can be traced: the hairstyle again began to "grow" up.

And again, the Kuafyur began to turn into a complex structure (as in the fountain era). In the course were not only their own hair, but also false. And also - ribbons, jewelry, fabrics, flowers, fruits. There is an opinion that the new favorite of Louis XV - Marie - Jeanette Bequet, the Countess of Dubardry, set the tone in fashion - a girl from the people whom the king raised to her overnight. In addition to the Countess Du Barry, fashion was dictated, of course, by a young Dauphin Marie-Antoinette. Becoming a queen, she devoted most of her time to inventing new hairstyles and outfits. Her personal hairdresser, Leonar, only sent the stormy fantasy of the “Austrian” in the right direction. The joint work of the hairdresser and the queen gave the world such masterpieces as “an explosion of sensitivity”, “voluptuous”, “secret passion” ... (Compare with the pale “sissy” or the modest “butterfly” of the previous period) ... made a whole with a headdress.

The most stylish women managed to wear stuffed birds on their heads, statues and even mini-gardens with tiny artificial trees. By the same period is the beloved by many A-la Belle Poule - hairstyle with the model of the famous frigate.

Over time (by the beginning of the 80s) the cumbersome, artsy quafur becomes somewhat more modest. Disappears fashion for "sails" and "flowerpots." Only ribbons and muslin fabric remain in the arsenal of fashionistas. From the paintings of Goya and Vizhe-Lebrun and Gainsborough look at these women with magnificent, but modestly decorated hair ...

After the French Revolution, "old-fashioned fashion" became the subject of ridicule ... And after a few years, the secular ladies flaunted with elegantly - modest hairstyles "a la Greek" and "a la Aspasia."

The history of the male Kuafury (hairstyle) of the XVIII century can also be divided into several stages. At the beginning of the century, hairstyles that appeared at the end of the 17th century continue to be improved. Since wigs - allonge is still in vogue, however, their length is noticeably reduced. There is a small “wig” wig - large curls arranged in parallel rows. Since the 1730s, only the elderly have worn such a wig. In this wig we can see both the great Bach and the Polish king Stanislav.

If the time of the reign of Louis XIV, basically, can be characterized as “the era of wigs”, then in the XVIII century, the fashion for hairstyles from his own hair returns, although wigs remain, as before, popular. Young people prefer not to burden themselves with heavy and rather warm wigs.

Powder existed for both wigs and hair. Powder was of various colors and shades - from white to pale pink and pale blue. A small, relatively simple and even democratic hairstyle “a la Katogen” comes into fashion: rolled hair combed back, tied at the back of the head with a black ribbon in the tail. This hairstyle was often worn in the army and navy. Some mods hid this tail in a kind of black velvet case

Hairstyle "a la Catogen" was the most popular throughout the XVIII century. In the years 1740-1750. Curling "pigeon wing" is very popular - two or three rows of carefully twisted curls fit into the temples. Behind - a small pigtail or a tail tied with a ribbon. It is with such a perm that we can see the young kings - Louis XV and Frederick the Great. (There was also the eponymous wig consistently - white).

By the end of the 18th century, wigs went out of fashion almost everywhere - perhaps the exception was Russia, where, even in the era of Paul I, it was inconceivable to go to the court without a powdered wig. In the 1780s fairly lush, but simple men's hairstyles with large, as if casually arranged rows of curls come into fashion. Young lords in the pictures

In the period of the Great French Revolution, long hair almost went out of fashion, especially after the actor Talma played the role of Titus in the Voltaire Brute. After that, short “Roman” hairstyles “a la Titus” came into fashion.

1.3 Hairdressing in the era of classical style (XVIII-beginning.Х1Х centuries.)

The great French bourgeois revolution became the end of the century of the “vain marquis”. Marie Antoinette put her beautiful head on the block. With her death, an entire epoch died. Classicism, the cult of antiquity, the Greek taste and the Roman spirit penetrate into fashion. "The halls are arranged in antique manners, dramatic changes in clothes and hairstyles: here, too, everything became" a la antique "- women's dresses resembled tunics, hair was removed in the form of a graceful tiara. Ladies wanted to be like an ancient statue." For the first time there are short haircuts for women. Hairstyle "a la Titus" with short-haired and finely curled strands at the ends appeared in the memory of those who finished their days in the guillotine (they shorn their hairs before the execution, exposing the neck). This is how Madame Recamier combed her hair in a portrait of David. A broad ribbon supports her forehead. In the portrait of Gerard, the same Madame Recamier is combed in the style of "a la Greek": her hair, gathered in a simple bun, is decorated with a decorative needle.

From the second half of the 18th century, hairstyles become simpler and more natural, often using only one hairpin, and sometimes simply knotted. Curls were required.

The French Revolution of 1789 brought with it new trends that reflected on the hairstyles. Inspired by the ideas of Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood, the ideologists of the French Revolution turned to the images of the ancient world, drawing from the ancient ideas of democracy, strictness of morals and

aesthetic ideals. The second half of the 18th century is the period of classicism as the leading stylistic direction. In men, hair is cut short and powder has fallen out of use. Female hairstyles had diverse forms, but they were very simplified, they became lower, the hair stopped puffing and curled in curls.

When Napoleon I came to power, the Empire style appeared, which in architecture and interiors resembles classicism in appearance, but now artists and architects are inspired not by strict and elegant lines of Greek temples, but by heavy and magnificent forms of Roman architecture. The men's hair was cut and curled into tight curls, and the face was shaved, but narrow hairs of hair, called “favorite,” were left on the cheeks from the temple. For women, the hairstyles changed very often. Worn and the Greek knot, and hairstyles from various combinations of curls.

Social changes in Europe led to changes in fashion, including hairstyles. New time is characterized by their simplicity.

Women's hairstyles of the 30s represented a whole work of art. The hair was combed on the side parting, the strands shortened from the sides were curled into large curls and laid over the temples. The long strands of hair behind lifted upward and on the crown were placed in various hairpieces.

In the 40s, the “social lioness” - a woman of fashion with red hair became a new idol of the high society.

In the 50s, the hairstyle consisted of lush chignon, and sometimes the hair, combed into a straight parting, was placed in the back of a special mesh.

In the 60s, hair was raised above the forehead in the form of two rollers, and long curls were dropped on the shoulders and back. In the 60s, men had a relatively short haircut, sideburns and a mustache. By the end of the century, hair began to cut short.

In the 70's and 80's hairstyle almost does not change in shape. It consists of long

curls lowered to the back, and above the temples are usually combed high up.

1.4 Hairdressing in the era of Empire style (1800-1815 gg.) And Biedermeier (mid. XIX century.)

In 1800, in France, when Napoleon I came to power, the Empire style (i.e., empire) appeared, a characteristic feature of which was the use of various methods for making curls: round, spiral, flat, etc. The hair was decorated with feathers, barrettes, hoops . Men wore locks of medium length, combed to the face.

After the defeat of Napoleon, the Empire style hairstyles went out of fashion - it was time for the Biedermeier style. This unique style originated in the 1820s in Vienna. It was the brilliance of the heyday of hairdressing: lush curls frame the temples, the volume of hair on the back of the head is hidden in a varied pattern. They decorated their hair with ribbons, veils, flowers, pearls, wore tiaras. In the Biedermeier period, hairstyles resemble decorative architecture. Preference, as always, is given to blondes. Men wore whiskers, curls at the base of the forehead, highly decorated bangs that did not cover the forehead. The unique style of this era has revived the art of making complex hairstyles using the latest for that time hairdressing devices: methods of hair coloring and bleaching using hydrogen peroxide, forceps. For hot curls, etc. - all of these devices (of course, improved) are used to this day.

1.5 Hairdressing in the period of eclecticism (2nd half of the XIX century)

The bourgeois revolution of 1848 marked the beginning of the development of capitalism. France regained influence in the field of fashion. Hairstyles become simpler, although complex hairstyles from long hair are still popular until the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Men's fashion of the late XIX-early XX centuries represented

a short, straight parting and a carefully shaved mustache and beard, often forked downwards.

The end of the XIX century is characterized by the achievements of technical thought: in 1881, the Frenchman Marcel invented hot curling tongs, in the years 1884-1885 he also perfected the method of hair curling invented by German Fisher using chemical means. In 1904, a German by birth, Charles Nestlé, invented a method for performing long curling of hair through the use of chemicals and heating. At this time, came into vogue short, female, geometric haircut.World War I forced women into male occupations. The woman had to walk widely, she needed comfortable clothes and there was no time to wind her curls. A new image is coming into fashion - a female boy in a short dress and with a short haircut of geometric lines. It was a revolution. Cinema, which has not yet been able to speak, has an ever stronger influence on fashion. The former ideal of a woman, embodied in Lillian and Dorothy Guiche and, especially, in Mary Pickford, lives naive and innocent golden-haired angels. Mary's intricate hairstyle has become her trademark. It looked like this: a huge mass of hair, neatly divided into 18 tight curls (two are now stored in Hollywood, in the museum of cinema). However, the beauty embodied by Pickford begins to seem old-fashioned.

2. Рhairstyling development

The attention paid by Slavs to hair care is evidenced by the crests discovered by archeologists. Brushes were also used, which got their name from the bristles from which they were made. Razors were already known in 1100 BC. e., in the bronze age. It has long been a custom among the Eastern Slavs, according to which only girls with bare hair were allowed to walk. Married women were supposed to cover their hair. Thick braid was a universal girlish hairstyle. Loose hair or two braids were less common. Often silver or pearl threads and colored laces were woven into the hair. An elegant headdress was a wreath of spikelets, flowers, feather grass and leaves.

Studying clothes, hairstyles, the style of wearing a mustache and a beard according to the images of the great princes, kings and emperors of Russia that have come down to us, you can make a picture of the changing styles of clothes and hairstyles at different times. Beginning with the Grand Duke Rurik, who had power in Novgorod from 826, to Prince Vladimir the Saint, who in 988 baptized Russia, the princes wore broad beards and hair to the Roman style to the shoulders. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (XI century), the hair of the princes was half-eared with a middle part of the ear, partly beard was trimmed neatly. During the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (XII century), hair, mustache and beard had the maximum possible length. Later, princes' hairstyles acquired reduced volumes, mustache and beard were carefully trimmed - the appearance of Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky (XIII century) gives an idea of the fashion of that time. During the time of subsequent rulers, including Ivan Kalita (XIV century), Dmitry Donskoy (late XIV century), Ivan the Terrible (XVI century), Boris Godunov (late XVI - early XVII century), the fashion in wearing mustaches and beards did not change : mustache and beard are not shaved. Hair cut "under the pot."

With the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich - the first tsar from the house of Romanovs (XVII century) - the outfit of the reigning princes preserved the style of clothing of the previous ruler - Vasily Shuisky: richly decorated clothes and hats with a band, small beards, neatly trimmed hair of medium length. Russian women, especially wives and

the daughters of the boyars of the 16th and 17th centuries lived in recluses. They knew only the tower and the church.

The girls had to braid their hair in braids, married women - to clean their hair, not to show it: hair was covered with handkerchiefs, any headgear, depending on the class. Seeing bareheaded for a woman was considered a disgrace. (“Going crazy” means a blunder, a blunder.) Women who were imprisoned in prison were barred for shame.

The ruler Sophia (late 17th century) is depicted in a portrait with a crown. Long wavy hair loose over the shoulders. With the coming to power of Peter the Great (1682), the ways of life changed, life became different. Men shaved off their beards, began to wear clothes and hairstyles in the European manner. Women who lived before hermits in the towers, were liberated. Balls, festivities and masquerades were started at the court, dancing became the main amusement. West set the tone in fashion.The best masters of various professions were invited to Russia, the master hairdressers were also invited. The serfs worked as apprentices. They were called "dull artists." But nevertheless, Russia, adopting the general trend of Western fashion, has defined its own style, less elaborate, typical of the calm and majestic character of a Russian woman. It should be noted that Russian women did not use chemical dyes for their hair, but they widely used vegetative.

Empress Catherine I was decorated with a small elegant hairstyle with curls, studded with pearls. Loose hair, loose hair - the hair of Anna Ivanovna. (In Europe at this time, powdered hairstyles were in fashion.) A small haircut with loose curls of Elizabeth Petrovna, decorated with a tiara, replaced the modest hairstyle of Empress Catherine the Great. On engraving from 1762 she

depicted with a hairstyle of carefully combed back hair, tucked into curls and modestly decorated with flowers. Later, the empress's hairstyles were somewhat more magnificent (and Rococo reigned at that time in Europe). With the advent of Nicholas I to the throne, the flowering of theatrical art began: the Russian opera was born, the Alexandria Theater was opened. The heyday of Russian theatrical art revived life, ladies appeared in society, striking a variety of toilets and hairstyles. It was the heyday of the Biedermeier style in Russia.

With the coming to power of Peter the Great, everything changed dramatically, including the fashion for hairstyles, the attitude towards hairdressing. In the cities, men began to shave their beards, women began to wear hairstyles in the Western manner. The first hairdressers appeared in Russia; they were serfs specially trained abroad, who were called the Tupines. The name comes from the word "dumb", which means hair whipped over his forehead.

Abroad ordered special books on which they learned to cut and care for their hair. Women preferred exquisite hairstyles to the western style. Since the reign of Alexander I, natural hair and sideburns have been in fashion.

Mustache and beard returned to the reign of Alexander III, when in all spheres of life and in art there was a turn towards domestic traditions.

From the time of the reign of Alexander I, men were not wearing wigs, whiskers and mustaches were in fashion, and from the time of Alexander III the mustaches were again in fashion;

The hairdressers did not have a single set of pay for the work - they took it randomly, who would like to. Of course, the board largely depended on the popularity of the master. In the men's room, which opened on Passionny Boulevard, its owner Artemyev gave the first price list, the cost of the work. AT

The list called prices: for example, shaving with cologne and vezhetal cost 10 kopecks. This men's hall has always been crowded with middle-class men.

The work of hairdressers always requires a special instinct and approach to people, it was not for nothing that many people were saved by a light character and a cheerful disposition. Russian barbers got their laurels painstaking, hard work, passing from childhood all the steps of the “stairs leading up”.

In 1913, the Russian Universal Hairdressing Magazine began to spread throughout the cities of Russia, in which they gave drawings of fashionable hairstyles, mustaches, beards, new methods of "manicure", samples of combs, hairpins, hairpins for ladies' hairstyles. Explained in detail the news of hairdressing. “Fashion Review” introduced readers with new trends, production and repair of haircut products.

Every day hairdressing is becoming more complex and multifaceted, it uses the latest achievements of modern technology and science, new materials. Infrared rays began to be used to accelerate hair coloring and therapeutic procedures.

Sushiars and infrared lamps, equipped with heating mode regulators, timers, signal lamps, even with remote control, unlike conventional hair dryers, are dried according to the principle “heat without wind”

So, we can conclude that hairdressing in Russia was not singled out as a separate art form and, perhaps, the work on the decoration of hair in the hair during pre-Petrine times was considered a craft.

In connection with the emancipation of a woman by Peter the Great, as already mentioned above, the widespread fascination with Western fashion for clothes and hairstyles, into which, however, elements of identity were introduced, began. But the art of creating hairstyles in Russia did not develop independently.

Since the 18th century, the Russian nobility

influenced by Western Europe. About the hairstyles of this era described above.

Many salons belonged to the French masters. Compliance with European fashion was ubiquitous and unconditional.

Fashion magazines were issued from Paris, where even the contests of hairdressers were held.

In 1860, the Russian masters Aganov and Andreev won first place in the competition.

And in the years 1888-1890, Ivan Andreev received a number of awards for his hair and an Honorary Diploma of Honored Professor of Hairdressing.

The hairstyles of pre-Petrovskaya Russia — among women — the braid, among men — the haircut “under the pot” continues to exist among the peasants (partly among citizens) until the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries.

Women gather their hair under kokoshniki.

HAIRDRESSER'S ART OF ANCIENT WORLD

Hairstyles of Assyria and Babylonia

The images of the cruel kings perpetuated by the Assyro-Babylonian art may have bore the features of ideally beautiful people in the representation of that time. Males are tall, strong, muscular build, with large facial features, spit-like chins, thick hair in hairstyles and beard. Female images are few. Assyrians paid great attention to the design of the head, namely, hair, mustache, beard and whiskers. The meaning of artistic ornament was expressed precisely in their stylization. The rulers wore long hair, often bundled, which was decorated with interwoven golden threads. They grew a beard and a mustache. The mustache over the upper lip was curled carefully, and the hair on the chin was cut to a certain length and alternately braided into pigtails. (The lower layers wore unkempt shorter beards.) It is known that already in the XIII century BC. er special order women were instructed to walk with an open face. For solemn occasions, as well as in Egypt, a white tiara was worn with “infulemi”, which was intended for kings. Headdresses in the form of a fez with horns of animals were attributes of the gods or an integral part of church ceremonial processions. Kings were mostly barefoot, but their clothes were richly decorated with embroidery and jewels: earrings, bracelets, tiaras, the motif of a daisy rose, already known at that time. The main types and forms of hairstyles.

Noble people wore hair laid in a net, or pinned at the back of the head with a hairpin, tied with colored ribbons. In all hairstyles, the hair on the forehead was cut shorter and curled into round, ring-shaped ringlets near the temples and ears, and small wavy locks descended on the cheeks. The lower classes — farmers, merchants, artisans, servants — also combed their hair, wore mustaches and beards of their own hair. The king and his entourage let out big beards, giving them a rectangular shape, curled into tight tubular curls and laid in tight rows. In some cases, instead of tubular curls braided braids, decorating them with gold threads or cords. Since these beards were much larger than usual, it can be assumed that they were only half made from natural hair, more often - entirely from animal hair (goats, camels, buffaloes).

The clergymen did not wear any beard or mustache, their faces were shaved clean. Warriors wore a small pointed beard.Women's hairstyles in form almost did not differ from men's. Thick hair was divided by a direct parting, stacked in clear rows in a horizontal line or vertically. The ends of the hair were tucked inside in the form of a roller. Sometimes women wore wigs of different colors, perhaps borrowing them from Egyptians. There was an original hairstyle among Babylonian women. It was a dense volumetric rollers, like the hemispheres, above the ears. Parting straight. A small hat embroidered with beads and jewels was worn on the top of the head, the stalks of various plants, flowers, and colorful feathers of birds were pinned from above.

HAIRDRESSER'S ART OF ANCIENT GREECE

It is believed that in ancient Greece, hairdressing was the most developed. The word cosmetics is of Greek origin and means the art of decorating. The Greeks knew many secrets of healing cosmetics, the cult of the human body prevailed in the country, hairstyles were done skillfully and with great care: both women and men used various methods of weaving hair strands and curls on iron rods, which were called Kalamis, and the masters who performed this work were called Kalamisters . Hairstyles were made for a long time, because they were complex and busy in their performance, while using herbal flavored powders with tint effects. Most women wanted to have ashen or golden hair. The heavy and thick hair of the Greek women were cleverly removed with great ingenuity in the knots at the back of the head, and they were decorated with de-hairstyles. Ademi, beads, hoops and ribbons. The decoration of clothes and the style of clothes and hairstyles corresponded to the entire life style of the Greeks. We can get an idea of the hairstyles of Greek women by looking at the works of art of the ancient Greeks: curvaceous hair, curled into curls, divided into a straight parting, combed from the forehead and sides back and removed at the back of the head.

Women who entered the history of ancient Greece, what did they look like? Here Aspasia, distinguished by the subtle gentleness of her features, is one of the most amazing women of the Ancient World, who knew how to conduct philosophical conversations with Sophocles, Socrates, the father of history Herodotus. Gorgeous hairstyle: the hair of the frontal zone is divided into small strands with a parting from the top of the head to the forehead, the strands are braided in pigtails and neatly tucked away at the back of the head.

Hairdressing from the ancient Romans, as well as from the ancient Greeks, enjoyed special attention. From the Greeks, the Romans inherited the use of slaves in the field of hairdressing to emphasize not only natural beauty, but also a high position in society. Sparse hair was considered a sign of a low gender. Hair Romans adopted from the Greeks, somewhat modifying them. The shape and decoration of hairstyles often depended on wealth and position in society. Men's hairstyles represented all kinds of haircuts styles. But the most characteristic was a hairstyle with a thick bang, covering the entire lob to the eyebrows or to the middle of the forehead.

The whole mass of hair was trimmed to the ear lobe and easily curled. On the sculptural portraits of the period of the republic there are no complicated or fanciful hairstyles. Men are well trimmed, many rather short. Young Romans often shaved their faces; at a mature age they began to wear beards, but they were much smaller than the Greeks, the Assyrians. Although the Romans said that “baldness is not a vice, but a testimony of wisdom”, they still preferred to combine wisdom with good hair. Men wore wigs, lining made by skilled slave hands. About Julia Caesar:

"The disgraceful baldness was unbearable to him, as it often attracted ridicule of ill-wishers. Therefore, he usually combed his thinning hair on his forehead, therefore, with the greatest pleasure, he accepted and exercised the right to constantly wear a laurel wreath." Greek ideals were supplanted. Roman hairstyles were considered hairstyles that were worn in Italy in the III century BC.At the time of the often changing "soldier emperors" men's hairstyles were made of short hair, even very short ones, such as "hedgehog", were encountered. Baldness was masked with false hair, wigs were worn. Hairstyles on wigs depended on different circumstances - the pores of the day, the weather. After many years of imitation in appearance, the Romans were able to create their own style to the ancient Greeks.

During the weaving hairstyle, its preservation was followed by special slaves - Tonsores and Kipasis. Patricia spent many hours behind the toilet. Slaves performed a hot perm, did wet cold styling. Shorn with special sickle razors. Each performed his own operation. For a damaged haircut or its correction, matrons injected the hands of their slaves with thin needles or sharp pins. In the period of the Roman Republic, women's hairstyles were made of long hair .. Hair, separated by a straight parting, was placed in the back in tight bunches. Roman matrons had by nature dark hair and, according to Roman law, they should not have changed this color. The legislators of fashion in the time of the Empire were the empresses. Therefore, hairstyles began to be called according to their names, for example, Domna type, Berenice type, Agrippina type.

The hairstyles were so refined and diverse that the famous poet Ovidi Nazon wrote that it is easier to count the branches on the tree than the hairstyles of the ancient Roman women. Gradually, hairstyles increased in height, so they began to use wire cages, backing rollers, and special ornaments made of copper wire in the form of elegant tiaras to support and strengthen hair strands. Roman women wore a hairstyle, which consisted of wave curling and braids, laid on top of it from the back of the head to the forehead. At the same time, on the back of the head or low around the neck, a flat bundle was made of thin braids, laid in the form of a basket or a shell, a curl. For the brides there was a special hairstyle: six braids, laid around the head, which were wound with a red ribbon. A yellow veil was attached to the top of the hairstyle. But the veil was not the only decoration and headgear. The bride could wear a scarf of fiery color. From the sides and back of the handkerchief fell with soft waves, leaving the bride's face open. In the celebration, the hairstyles were decorated with pearls - it was valued more than all the stones. Since the matrons thought that the dark hair color was coarse, they began to use brighteners. An example to follow are the Germans, with whom the Romans are constantly fighting. For lightening hair, apply a composition from the ashes of bamboo wood and goat milk, the composition is applied to the hair, and then discolor in the sun. Very popular among the Roman population were recipes for dyeing hair in red color. Worn also bright wigs. For wigs used blond hair Gallic slaves, cut in braids. Each matron had several wigs of different colors. Wigs of red color were worn mostly by courtesans and dancers. Hair dyeing required special alkaline compositions and special knowledge; therefore, orthorix slaves performed this work in several stages. Special slave-calamist soap, dried hair, curled on tongs. Another, psekas, smeared her hair with lipstick, and the third, kipass, gave them a certain shape. With the spread of Christianity, women's hairstyles are simplified again.

Hairstyles 20-21 century.

Current trends in hairdressing.

A beautiful and stylish hairstyle is the most obvious indicator that a woman has taste and knows how to apply it correctly, regardless of what her haircut is - modernized and ultra modern or loved by many and popular classics. What influences modern trends in hairdressing? Undoubtedly, these are modern directions of culture and the role that a woman plays in today's society. Hairstyle for a woman - this is the first step to perfection and confidence in yourself and your charm.

But current trends are not only color, length and shape, they are also new technologies of hairdressing. With the development of the scientific and technical process, dizzying changes began to occur in them - more and more new possibilities in modeling hairstyles and hair care. Improve preparations, hairdressing equipment and tools.

And for the stylist, modern trends are more creativity, more play, more skill and, of course, more pleasure from the ability to change the image of the client.

For all its seeming ease, the creation of a hair style is a matter that is subject only to the master. The impossible becomes possible in the hands of professionals: hairdressers, fashion designers, stylists. Thanks to fashionable creative techniques, each client will choose a new charming look especially for himself. A huge variety of professional styling products enables the hairdresser to easily create and control both the careless matte texture of short hair and “glossy” hairstyles with smooth long hair.

Shiny and silky hair? Fashionable complex shade? Lack of gray hair? Dynamic texture? Glossy shine? All this was made possible thanks to revolutionary technologies in the field of professional hair care, styling and hair coloring.

Modern hairstyles are extremely diverse and colorful. The choice of options and images is huge. From smoothly shaved bald head to a cascade of long hair of all colors of the rainbow and the type of curls. Of great importance is a small touch, which gives a special charm to the hairstyle. It can be a shirred strand on smooth hair, a messy bang, a highlight glare. Each person is an individual, and a modern stylist - a hairdresser, using all his skill, will find details and contours capable of most beneficially present this individuality, shade it even more and fully satisfy, or even exceed the client's expectations.

The modern profession of "hairdresser" covers a fairly large amount of knowledge and nuances of this craft. Depending on the field of activity, they can be divided into the following types:

Male master. This is a specialist in men's haircuts and hairstyles. These masters know everything about the structure of the hair and daily give them the necessary form, emphasizing the oval of the face and the masculinity of the carriers. Modern men's haircuts require not only hair trimming, but also painting, styling and care. In the fashion of new styles that make men more well-groomed.

Female master. This is a hairdresser specializing in the hairstyles of the fair sex. The range of male duties includes not only haircuts. These are dyeing, weaving, styling, curling, lamination and many other modern and fashionable hair treatments.

Colorist. This is a master of creating hairstyles using coloring curls. Such hairdressers with ease will pick up to you a paint and type of an oxidizer to it. Make highlighting, coloring, standard painting and more. Current trends are constantly

make adjustments and create new painting methods.

Weaving Specialist. This hairdresser is engaged in the creation of hairstyles by creating braids. These can be dreadlocks, afro-tresses, simple pigtails, etc. Technician there are many. Especially fashionable wedding and graduation complex hairstyles with elements of weaving.

Universal Hairdresser. Such masters are looking for most salons. The expert understands both men's and women's haircuts, knows everything about the latest trends, easily creates an image by selecting hairstyles, knows how to create real masterpieces from customers' hair. Any painting on his shoulder. He does all this daily in his workplace.

Hairdressers work a lot with their hands. But in addition to knowledge of technology and practical skills, one of the main types of work is creativity. After all, only the creative master will be able to create a new image, simply by changing the hairstyle.

About fashionable hair color

If we talk about colors, then, on the one hand, the direction of naturalness continues its march along fashionable pedestals: natural colors are natural warm brown shades, red and blond.

The whole range of shades of brown as fashionable, and remains, the color - from chocolate to coffee with milk.

At the same time, it is becoming fashionable to focus on redhead - on red, bright red, fiery hair.

Blond: if for the last 5 years a warm golden blond was fashionable, then the next year Europeans recommend blond platinum.

In a trend - short haircuts!

As for haircuts, long hair goes out of fashion. Hollywood stars dictate fashion for very short haircuts. At the awards ceremony in Cannes, most actresses and singers appeared before the audience with short boyish haircuts. Gorgeous long hair in the past.

hairstyle hairdressing hair

After the revolution, short haircuts were especially popular. Dark hair was fashionable. In the prewar years, blond hair became the standard of beauty. In the future, fashion hairstyle was closely related

development of hairdressing in European countries. You can talk about the movement from complex hairstyles to more simple, practical and versatile. Modern hairstyles are characterized by an abundance of different styles and trends. Fashionable that makes a person unique, helps to reveal his inner world and emphasize the dignity.

With the advent of the modern style (the beginning of the 20th century), the natural hair color is reversed with the help of intense dyes.

Fashionable is a hairstyle high, cone-shaped, curled with wide waves, low down on the forehead, or smooth, on a parted part. With wavy hair lowered on cheeks.

Silhouettes and shapes of hairstyles repeated over time. Thus, the hairstyles of ancient Rome were worn in the XIX century throughout Europe, and wigs 200 years later in the 60s of the XX century. Every time

made something of their own, new, accurate copy was not. The development of the main forms of clothing and hairstyles took place in direct connection with the socio-economic, natural conditions, aesthetic and moral requirements, the general artistic style, and fashion.

Cultural, business ties, which began to develop successfully with many countries of the world, had a great influence on fashion and hairstyle. In the 1950s, the hairstyles of the popular French actresses Bridget Bardot and Marina Vlady came into fashion. These hairstyles differed from each other, but they were united by one thing - the general recognition among women of different countries.

In the 60s, hairstyles became more monolithic. In fashion came bouffant. Hairstyles increased in size, appeared volume. They lacked small details. The shape of the hairstyle could expand or shrink. To do this, use cut strands, crepe, soft synthetic fibers. Hairstyles like “bell”, “clover”, “horse's tail” come into fashion during this period; colors resembling metals are fashionable: copper, bronze, silver, brass.

In the second half of the twentieth century, they begin to wear hairstyles with fluffy hair, imitating the heroine of the film "The Witch" performed by French actress Marina Vlady. Wave-free blond hair came into fashion for a long time.

In the 70s, the fashion for wigs passes, returning "small" hairstyles with a geometric haircut. The new wave is especially clearly manifested in the hairstyle "Gavrosh". The bouffant is completely out of fashion.

The next popular hairstyle was a “under the page” hairstyle, in which the haircut was made uneven, at the top, you need a shorter forehead, from the temples, to the neck longer. The natural movement of the hair is becoming fashionable. This is manifested in the method of the new haircut of the English barber Vidal Sassun.

All his hairstyles are simple, but

along with that exquisite hair movement. At the end of the twentieth century in the general fashion two main directions were defined: the folk style (country style), the militarized style of the times of the war and the post-war years (military style).

In the past decade, hairstyles have changed. Smooth, small hairstyles with lush bangs replaced the volumetric shapes of hairstyles.

Hairstyles have become more modest. Smooth hair from a parting keeps within graceful small bunches. Sometimes they put hair nets on their hair and twist it with colored cords. Adding to the hairstyle are hairpieces, colored lighter or darker than the natural hair color. They wear wigs, but they are not much different from natural hairstyles.

In modern fashion, a small dash that gives a special charm to a hairstyle is of great importance - it can be a shirred strand on smooth hair, a messy bang, a highlight of highlights. Extremely shiny, even sparkling hair, which is achieved with varnishes, emulsions and discoloration.

In the fashion hairpins made of metal, tortoise shell, silk, nylon, chiffon, satin and other bows, black velvet, mesh, starched flowers in the color of the dress, ribbons, cords. Modern fashion is so multifaceted that everyone can choose a hairstyle that suits him and suits.

Fashion designers today are trying to predict what will be the hairstyles in the next century. In Japan, the best hairdressers decided to "design" a masterpiece of 2084. The print responded about this piece of art like this: ". Something between a peacock's loose tail and flowerbed

1. I.S. Syromyatnikova. History hairstyles. -M. 2002

2. About the barber to the stylist. Journal 2001

3. Kurova T. B. History hairstyles, 2011

4. N. Moses. Art hairstyles. - Rostov n / Don: Phoenix 2004

5. N. Moses. The art of haircuts. - Rostov n / Don: "Phoenix" 2003.

6. I. Syromyatnikova. History hairstyles. - M.: RIPOL CLASSIC.2002.

7. V. Dyudenko. High mission. Profession of the elect. - Publishing House "Ukraine". Kiev.2008

Posted on Allbest.ru

Characteristics

This period is immortalized in world history right up to the beginning of the 19th century as the “century of women” (the 18th century was named by the Marquis de Pompadour). At that time, the ladies wore luxurious chic outfits, inlaid with a huge amount of stones and sparkles, applied a lot of makeup to the face, which was often extremely unhealthy.

Hairstyles for women would rather resemble sculptural figures and complex compositions than ordinary styling. For decoration used feathers, flowers, jewelry. Surprisingly, the hairstyles were so bizarre that the ladies wore whole baskets of fruit, ships and sails on their heads. They were made of water bottles and a wire frame.

How to change hairstyles during the XVIII century

The evolution of hairdressing has been so rapid that it distinguishes several stages of its development in the 18th century.

The beginning of the century (1700–1713) was marked by the appearance and wide distribution among the ladies of high society of the pompous foundation. So called starched lace cap. He was of different types and shapes, which allowed him to experiment with different hairstyles.
In the middle of the century (1713–1770), the hairstyle with the use of fontazh was replaced by a curl. The curls were placed in wreaths, baskets, or simply made in the form of a spiral or snakes, which coquettishly fell on the bare shoulders of women. Hairstyles decorated with ribbons and tiaras. Sometimes young ladies wore wigs that accurately displayed fashionable styling with fancy names “birdie”, “butterfly”, “sissy”.
In the 70-80s of the 18th century, Queen Marie-Antoinette introduced tall, bulky hairstyles to fashion. To give the pomp and volume used different hairpieces, horsehair, lining and even pillows. So that the massive construction did not fall and did not lose its shape, strong wireframes were inserted inside. This hairstyle weighed several kilograms and reached 50 cm in height. 18th century hairdressers worked on such a work of art for several hours so that the lady could wear the styling for a week. Every detail was abundantly smeared with lipstick on the basis of a special fat and was densely powdered. Over time, an unpleasant odor began to emanate from the hairstyles, which lured insects and rodents. Because of this, the ladies had to constantly use perfume. They were also popular stacking with headdresses. The hat could accommodate a ship, a castle, or even a vibrant bouquet of flowers. Thanks to the vase built into the hairstyle, the flowers did not wither for a long time.

Laying in the style of Marie Antoinette

This is the most simple and simultaneous majestic styling of the time. The fact is that Queen Marie-Antoinette was the trendsetter of the 18th century. She had a personal hairdresser named Léonard Bolyar, with whom she loved to invent new hairstyles and outfits.Marie Antoinette was not afraid to experiment with her appearance and entered world history as the brightest representative of the Rococo era.

The owner of long thick hair can try to do with her hands a popular hairstyle of that time, which bears the name of an outstanding queen. Detailed schemes and photos are easy to find on the Internet. For this you need a wire frame, cotton wool, pins, varnish. To create a hairstyle, you must perform the following steps.

Carefully comb the hair and set the top of the frame.
Place a cotton wool or pillow inside the frame.
Raise the hair up, cover them with the base and secure with stealth or elastic bands.
Lateral and occipital hair curl in curls and lay cascading wave.
At will it is possible to decorate a hairdress with a tape, a beads, feathers.

Rococo styling

This hairstyle of the 18th century will appeal to modern ladies as well, because it is distinguished by simplicity and airiness. The algorithm for its creation is given below.

The hair is divided into strands, each of which is sprayed with varnish and curled with the help of forceps at a distance of 10–15 cm from the roots.
Having done a pile at the roots, all hair is removed back, opening the temple area.
Strands are fixed on the crown with stealth or hairpin.
A good decor would be a ribbon or a large barrette.

Back to the past

Scandalous hairstyles in the Rococo style of the 18th century had a great influence on the development of modern hairdressing. A special technique of haircuts served as the basis for creating new images. The hairstyles of that era are role models for the new generation of stylist hairdressers.

To make such works of art is very difficult, because you need to have a remarkable imagination, professionalism and delicate taste. In Russia and abroad, talented hairdressers present their works, made in the best traditions of the 18th century, complemented by modern details. For example, the stylist Tono Sanmartina organized a solo exhibition, which featured 14 works in the rococo style.

Watch the video about creating baroque hairstyles:

The stages of hairdressing in the 18th century

The history of hairstyles of the 18th century can be divided into several stages:

At the beginning of the century, aristocratic ladies were observed to “fountain” - a starched cap consisting of several rows of lace. Caps were diverse in form and species, which left a wide scope for experiments with appearance.
The fountain plunged lower and lower and soon changed into a perm, which was laid on the head in the form of a wreath. Curls created in the form of snakes, dropping from the back of the head to the shoulders. They wore wigs under the interesting names “butterfly”, “sissy”, “birdie”.
In the 70s, the hairstyles began to grow actively upwards, representing cumbersome, multi-layered structures, generously decorated than with anything. The height of the hairstyle reached half a meter, water bottles, hairpieces, pillows, wire and cotton frames were used as improvised means. It took a huge amount of time to create a hairstyle, they could wear it for a whole week. Covered with a mass of powder, fat and lipstick, styling brought the ladies continuous inconvenience.
By the beginning of the 80s, hairstyles become more modest, the fashion for elaborate and half-meter designs recedes into the background, leaving the pedestal to loose hair, fluffy hairs, playful curls, and various bangs. There is a tendency to make styling from your own hair. A knot of hair appeared, in appearance resembling Greek, but heavier. Combs of hair on the basis of braids were created on the crown. The girls distributed on both sides of the direct parting small whorls in the form of spirals, tubes and chips.
The next stage in the history of women's hairstyles was characterized by romantic, light, airy masterpieces.A hairstyle called “Weeping Willow” appeared, which is a hair with a high beam at the crown separated by a central parting with small curls hanging on the sides. There were everyday and ballroom styling. Ballroom hairstyles were decorated with all kinds of flowers and ornaments.
The end of the 18th century became known for the fashion on flat waves, which were created with the help of hot tongs and fit in the shape of a turban. Ribbons, hoops, tiaras and a diamond feather were used as hair décor.

How to make a hairstyle in the style of Marie Antoinette

As a queen, Marie Antoinette devoted all her free time to inventing new outfits and hairstyles in collaboration with her personal, talented hairdresser Leonard Bolyar. The duet of joint creativity and violent fantasy presented the world with luxurious hairstyles that make up a whole with headdresses, as well as a masterpiece “a la frigate” in honor of the victory of the frigate “La Belle Pul” over the British. Laying resembled a ship with sails and was very popular with court ladies.

Consider the scheme of creating one of the hairstyles of Marie Antoinette, the simplest in execution, but no less majestic and cumbersome.

We comb the hair and place a wire frame at the top, inside which with the same success can be placed both cotton wool and a small pillow. The frame should be stable and soft, so as not to cause inconvenience to the owner of the hair.
Next, lift the hair and completely close the base of their hair, using stealth hairpins and hairpins.
Having lifted up all the strands, we fix them there with an elastic band and create a semblance of a bundle. The bottom strands can be curled and laid in a cascading wave of curls.
The hairstyle is usually decorated with feathers, flowers, beads and fixed with lacquer. Only women with long hair of the same length can create such styling. Alternatively, used false and artificial hair.

In modern life, hairstyles of the 18th century are reflected in unusual design works presented at exhibitions as impressive masterpieces of hairdressing, complemented by modern technique and styling tools. An example of this was the exhibition of the hairdresser-stylist Tono Sanmartin, who created 14 works of hair in the style of the 18th century, the highlight of which was the multi-colored rococo styling and curls.

Hairstyles of the 18th century, despite some pretentiousness and theatricality of appearance, demanded great skill and professionalism of their creators. Intricate hair designs speak of delicate taste and extraordinary imagination of the masters of that time, of a special technique of styling, cutting and curling hair. The epatage of hairstyles has sunk into oblivion, but the technology of their creation has become the basis for the subsequent development of hairdressing.

The history of women's hairstyles 18th century

The history of female hairstyles can be divided into several stages:

First stage. The beginning of the century 1700 - 1713. None of the styling is complete without ladies' favorite fontazh - lace starched cap. The curls fit into a simple hairstyle, the simplicity of which was compensated by the pomp of the fontazh.

Second phase. 1713 - 1770 In fashion is curling. Curls and curls are placed on the heads of fashionistas in a kind of neat wreaths and baskets. In fashion curls in the form of spiralsthat fall on the bare shoulders of beautiful women. Hairstyles are decorated with ribbons, flowers, diadems. Popular names for hairstyles of that time are “bird”, “sissy”, “butterfly”. Later, the styling is recreated on wigs, so popular with women of that time.

Third stage. 1770 - 1787 Fashion is changing rapidly. Hairstyles turn into complex multilayer structures. Fashion was dictated by the young at that time, Marie Antoinette. Later, after becoming queen, she devoted a huge amount of time to creating outfits and styling.

The styling turns into real works of art, over which the hairdressers of the 18th century conjure for hours.They reflect pictures from everyday life, still lifes, landscapes and even scenes from plays!

Hairstyles are full of abundance of jewelry, ribbons, stones, jewels, flowers, fabrics and even bottles are used! Another popular styling ornament is a hat. On this headdress placed models of castles, ships, fruit baskets. Some models of hats were decorated with fresh flowers that have not faded for a long time thanks to a vase filled with water in their hair.

Styling reach more than 50 cm in height! In their creation are used their own, as well as overhead and horsehair, hairpieces, lining, pillows and even wire construction. All fixtures were attached in a certain sequence, richly smeared with lipstick on the basis of fat and powdered. Wearing a hairstyle had more than one week. Weighed styling is not one kilogram and brought their owners a lot of inconvenience. Often, hair facilities became a favorite habitat for rodents and insects, who were lured by the smell of flour (the main ingredient of powder) and fat. In addition, the beauties had to constantly drown out unpleasant odors emanating from the hair, sharp aromas of perfumes.

Fourth stage. By the end of the 80s, hairstyles become a bit more modest. Frame designs go into the background, and the decorations have become less elaborate. In the fashion bouffant, loose wavy and curly curls. There were bangs. Beauties refuse to false hair. Appear volumetric knots and tufts of hair. Ribbons, flowers and strips of fabric remain in vogue from jewelry.

Editorial Board

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Men's images

In the men's fashion of the 18th century wigs prevail. The stronger sex wore wigs of medium length hair, curled in fine curls. They combed their hair back and put it into a low ponytail, which was decorated with a black ribbon. The strands of the temporal region were made to curl into tight curls.

At the end of the 18th century, men completely abandon wigs, and short haircuts come into fashion.

Marie-Antoinette's high styling

To complete the installation will require:

Curlers or electric pliers.
Foam rubber or wool to create a hairstyle.
Studs, invisible.
Frequent comb.
Hair spray.

Carefully comb through hair.
Highlight a strand from the back of the head along a growth line about 5 cm wide.
Put the prepared frame on top.
Starting from the bang area, carefully close the frame. To do this, it is necessary to divide the hair into strands, each of which rises up and is attached with a hairpin to the top of the frame. This needs to be done with all strands except the occipital.
Curls from the neck should be divided into strands and curl.
Several strands to lift and secure to the frame, hiding the junction of the remaining strands.
Sprinkle design varnish. Haircut is ready!

The process of creating hairstyles in the style of Marie Antoinette can be found by watching the video:

Popular styling of the mid 18th century

To complete the installation will require:

Hairbrush.
Electric curling tongs or curlers.
Studs, invisible.
Hair spray.

Carefully comb through hair.
Split hair into strands, sprinkle each of them with varnish and curl into tight curls, retreating from the roots by 10-15 cm.
Slightly comb hair at the roots.
Comb all the hair back, opening the temporal zone. Each strand must be fixed on the crown with stealth or hairpin.
Decorate your hair with a barrette or ribbon.

Hairstyle of the late 18th century

To perform the installation will be required.

Curlers or curling irons.
Studs, invisible.
Comb with fine teeth.
Hair spray.

Curl all hair on curlers or using forceps.
Highlight bangs.
Comb the hair at the roots.
Each strand, starting from the back of the head, lift up and secure on the crown with stealth, leaving only the temporal curls and bangs intact.
Bangs secure to one side with hairpins or stealth.
Split strands in the temples with your fingers.
Sprinkle with varnish.

The styling of the 18th century suffered a number of changes in its development. At first it was simple hairstyles, decorated with elegant caps, which gradually began to acquire elaborate forms, eventually becoming complex, massive designs that can be safely called works of hairdressing.

Most of the styles of that time are not adapted for the modern world. Therefore, in our days, they can be seen only at design shows, in historical films and theatrical performances.

Main> Abstract> History

1. Hairstyles of the XVIII century

Marquise de Pompadour

The fashion of the XVIII century as a whole, to pretentiousness and refinement, to lightness and mannerism. This was facilitated by the Rococo style, which dominated visual and decorative - applied art throughout most of the 18th century. Hairstyle is always a reflection of general fashion trends, therefore, with the accession of rococo, the solemnity of the fountain and allonge goes into oblivion. Since the XVIII century is considered to be the "age of women", then you should start with a female haircut.

2. Female hairstyle

Portrait of the Barbarina Kampanini dancer by Rosalba Career

Portrait of the Queen of France Marie-Antoinette

The history of female hair can be divided into several stages. Until 1713, the ladies still carry a fountain, the form of which itself provided a lot of room for fantasy.

After Louis XIV - the main legislator of European fashions - positively appreciated the small, modest hairstyle of the Duchess of Shrewsbury, the simple, slightly powdered hairstyle adorned with bouquets or a lace tattoo came into fashion. This seeming simplicity has become the main trend of the Rococo century. Women from the paintings of Watteau, Boucher, Patera, de Troy, Chardin are all modestly and elegantly combed - be it the luxurious Marquise de Pompadour, the virtuous Maria Theresa, or the young Fiquet from Zerbst. The names of these hairstyles are also preserved - “butterfly”, “sentimental”, “secret”, “sissy”. However, since the mid-1970s, a different trend can be traced: the hairstyle again began to "grow" up. And again, the Kuafyur began to turn into a complex structure (as in the fountain era). In the course were not only their own hair, but also false. And also - ribbons, jewelry, fabrics, flowers, fruits. There is an opinion that the new favorite of Louis XV - Marie - Jeanette Bequet, the Countess of Dubardry, set the tone in fashion - a girl from the people whom the king raised to her overnight. In addition to the Countess Du Barry, fashion was dictated, of course, by a young Dauphin Marie-Antoinette. Becoming a queen, she devoted most of her time to inventing new hairstyles and outfits. Her personal hairdresser, Leonar, only sent the stormy fantasy of the “Austrian” in the right direction.The joint work of the hairdresser and the queen gave the world such masterpieces as “an explosion of sensitivity”, “voluptuous”, “secret passion” ... (Compare with the pale “sissy” or the modest “butterfly” of the previous period) ... made a whole with a headdress.

3. Men's hairstyle

Young man in an allonge wig

King Stanislav Leschinsky in a Binet wig

If the time of the reign of Louis XIV, basically, can be characterized as “the era of wigs”, then in the XVIII century, the fashion for hair styles from his own hair returns, although wigs remain popular as before. Young people prefer not to burden themselves with heavy and rather warm wigs.

King Louis XV of France in a “wing of a pigeon” wig

King of Prussia Frederick II in a “wing of a pigeon” wig

Hairstyle "a la Catogen" was the most popular throughout the XVIII century. In 1740-1750 Curling "pigeon wing" is very popular - two or three rows of carefully twisted curls fit into the temples. Behind - a small pigtail or a tail tied with a ribbon. It is with such a perm that we can see the young kings - Louis XV and Frederick the Great. (There was also the eponymous wig consistently - white).

A young man with a hairstyle of the late 18th century. The work of Thomas Gainsborough

I.Syromyatnikova. History hairstyles. -M. 2002

The history of the development of female image and hair from the 18th century

Having carefully studied the information on the hairdressing art of the time, we concluded that the style of hair styling, which is famous for the 18th century, is divided into three stages:

18th century hairstyle with a cap

Men's not complex images

18th century male image

The male half of the population also did not stand aside, and together with the women felt the trends of fashion of that century. First of all, it was expressed in wearing wigs. Male images were also different, and changed over the course of the century:

Retro hairstyles in modern times: the triumph of the art of art

The fashion of the 21st century still uses the style of that era. On the streets, of course you do not see such styling. But wedding salons and fashion shows from time to time resort to using this style.

We also see men with a ponytail and long hair. But this is also the style of that era. It is worth noting that the modern variety of aids make it easier for craftsmen and for us to work at home, and there is no need to suffer for five hours while doing hair. But still masterpieces require attention, patience and compliance with rules and regulations. Here are some tips for styling 18th century hairstyles.

Hairstyle of the 18th century in modern style is used in thematic parties and balls.

Marie Antoinette European Style

Auxiliary means: hair curlers, cotton wool, hairpins and a hairbrush, and also a varnish of strong fixing.

Marie Antoinette's style is known to all.

Luck will fix the shape of hair

Elegant styling of the end of the century

We will need a comb, curling iron, hairpins, lacquer strong fixation. Do the following:

Evenly comb hair.
We divide a shock of hair into individual curls and wind each one with a curling iron, after having watered it with varnish. Do not wind the hair close to the roots, retreat about ten centimeters.
Stir hair at the root.
Gather the hair from behind so that the whiskey opens, and the mass of hair falls on your back.
Secure the desired curls from the back with the help of pins, and decorate the styling with a hairpin.

Of course, the overwhelming part of the hairstyles of that time are not suitable for women of modern times, therefore it is possible to meet such an image only at fashion shows, masquerades, and on the heads of some brides who love extravagance.

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